Aging changes in the anatomy and physiology and pathology
First, the body surface changes.
Human physiological functions gradually decline often change, subtle changes in the earliest, and more from the body, appearance reflected. Common are the skin, hair changes with age, and then to face, teeth and body changes. These morphological changes of the body surface, mainly by the tissues, organs, caused by degenerative changes, such as the cells decrease, atrophy, degeneration, reduce organizational flexibility and so on. Changes in the surface of the body mainly as follows:
(1) appearance. Aging, the appearance of expression was prominently manifested in the face. Changes in facial wrinkles is an important sign of aging, it was the result of water loss, subcutaneous fat and elastic tissue and skin by decreasing muscle stretch. Where is the earliest forehead wrinkles, and increases with age, wrinkles changing deep. Wrinkles later in his eyes, ears and mouth before the temporal side has emerged. Wrinkles eyes and temporal in two fan-shaped radial outer corner of the eye, some people see it as a sign over the age of 40 years. Skin as the disappearance of fat and elastic fibers and loose, visible eyelids, sagging skin, ear and hip. The appearance of the eye, swollen eyelids for the following features, generally appear 40 to 50 years old. Also common on the skin to brown skin pigmentation of the flat wart or slightly prominent, known as senile plaques, senile warts. It is a point of the elderly multiple pigmentation, increased significantly after the age of 60. Has developed a variety of age pigment inhibited the accumulation of plaque formation and elimination of effective agents, such as certain natural or synthetic antioxidants.
Baron sent people to the impression that the elderly, and almost become synonymous with the elderly, that is, white hair is aging. The reason is less pigmented hair replacement hair full of color, until the pigment until the hair have all been replaced. To note here is that hair is more than clear that aging is a white nose hair. Nose had only the entrance of nostrils, a small number, it is different with the hair, thinning does not increase with age, so to check the extent of white and white is how much easier. Nose of white began more than 36 years of age to 50 years of age when almost all white. Aging, in addition to white hair, the hair loss also has occurred. It was suggested that the age of 60, about 80% of the hair of a man, 75 years old and 90% of hair loss. In addition, aging, generally sparse eyebrows, some or all white, all eyebrows bald individual, and gradually turn white beard.
(2) vision. Many occur in 40 to 50 years old, “presbyopia”, indicating that the increase in visual acuity decreased with age. The reason is, as the regulatory function of the lens changes. As the camera lens in the condenser (lens), it is a transparent and flexible organizational structure. Through the ciliary muscle contraction, can change the refractive power of the lens, so that different sizes and the image of objects near and far, a clear image on the retina. This is known as the adjustment ability of the lens. However, in the aging process, decreasing the flexibility of the lens, its refractive power gradually decreases, and thus, as the regulation also decreased. Typically, a 10-year-old children, their ability to regulate lens as about 1400 degrees, to 25 years of age be reduced to 830 degrees. When a person reading the book, about a 333 degree view in the regulation, and for a 50-year-old people, the ability to regulate its lens is only 250 degrees, if this person is not myopia, when to wear a Vice-old optical glasses, in order to adjust the capacity to 333 degrees. In addition, the lens in the aging process of the gradual increase in turbidity, so that when this cloudy lens transparency decrease or loss of, they will form a cataract.
(3) hearing. In general, from the age of 30, listening to the decline.50-year-old began self-inductance hearing loss, such as watches not hear the sound. In more than 65 years old, the hearing loss accounted for 27.4%. Causes hearing loss, thickening of the tympanic membrane may be diminished and flexibility; ossicular joints decreased mechanical efficiency; the inner ear’s auditory nerve cells – the cochlea hair cells gradually decreased and so on.
(4) height. Elderly due to atrophy thin disc. Shorter and curved spine, kyphosis, and height can occur. If concomitant hip and knee bend, the lower bound to increase the height and attitude change. China was on the 534 observations of 8 years old were found in 8 years, the average elderly men decreased by 3.7 cm, 3.9 cm mean reduction in elderly women.
(5) weight. Year to reduce the weight of the majority of the elderly. Extent with the intake of nutrition, fitness and lifestyle to another. The reason is that the cells gradually decreased. Of course, many people do not reduce significantly or even increased.
Aging, in addition to the surface of the body changes, the elderly also often accompanied by tooth loss. After the tooth loss, gingival recession, alveolar absorption, resulting in shrinkage lower face, mouth deformation, appears to distance between mouth and nose shortened.